Managerial Economics

Managerial economics as defined by Edwin Mansfield is "concerned with application of economic concepts and economic analysis to the problems of formulating rational managerial decision." It is sometimes referred to as business economics and is a branch of economics that applies microeconomic analysis to decision methods of businesses or other management units. As such, it bridges economic theory and economics in practice. It draws heavily from quantitative techniques such as regression analysis and correlation, calculus. If there is a unifying theme that runs through most of managerial economics, it is the attempt to optimize business decisions given the firm's objectives and given constraints imposed by scarcity, for example through the use of operations research, mathematical programming, game theory for strategic decisions, and other computational methods. 

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Basics of Companies Act, 1956

The Basics of Companies Act, 1956 forms one of the major topic for all the Commerce Students whether pursuing Graduation or any Professional Course. Here is a PPT giving an overview of the basic section of Companies Act. To read further click on the following link below:

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Appointment of Director

Appointment of a Director is not only a crucial administrative requirement, but is also a procedural requirement that has to be fulfilled by every company. Under the Companies Act, only an individual can be appointed as a Director; a corporate, association, firm or other body with artificial legal personality cannot be appointed as a Director.

First directors of a firm are appointed by the original investors (members or subscribers) usually from among themselves, and are named in the articles of association. However, mention in the articles does not constitute a valid appointment until the person gives his or her signed consent to hold the office of director, and is not disqualified (for any reason) from holding that office. Appointment or election of the subsequent directors is usually effected at a general meeting by a resolution to the effect. But the existing directors often have the power to fill vacancies on the board of directors at any time, subject to confirmation later at a general meeting.

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Practical Aspects in Appointment and Removal of Auditors

Section 224 of the Companies Act deals with appointment and remuneration of Auditors.
The point relating to auditors, their appointment, remuneration and retirement forms one of the crucial aspect of Company Law.

Here is a ppt to explain all the related aspects of appointment of statutory auditors, first auditors and other related sections.

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Intercorporate Loans and Investments

Section 372A of the Companies Act, 1956 (The Act) deals with intercorporate Loan, Investment, Guarantee and Securities in connection with loan. All the four transactions are frequently taken place in any company and henceforth the section becomes more important and therefore it requires to special heed by virtue of strict penal provisions and because of no much space to play.

Scope of Section 372A

• When a company makes a loan to any other body corporate
• When a company acquires the securities of any other body corporate
• When a company gives any guarantee or provides any security to

(i) Any person who gives a loan to any body corporate or

(ii) A body corporate, which gives a loan to any other person.

For further analysis of this section, click on this link below:

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Income Tax Updates for 2012 Exams

The study of Income has always been one of the most onerous task for students. Here is a pdf jotting down some of the important tax amendments. To read further click on the following link below:

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Management And Board Governance

'Board Of Directors - B Of D'

A group of individuals that are elected as, or elected to act as, representatives of the stockholders to establish corporate management related policies and to make decisions on major company issues. Such issues include the hiring/firing of executives, dividend policies, options policies and executive compensation. Every public company must have a board of directors.

In general, the board makes decisions on shareholders' behalf. Most importantly, the board of directors should be a fair representation of both management and shareholders' interests; too many insiders serving as directors will mean that the board will tend to make decisions more beneficial to management. On the other hand, possessing too many independent directors may mean management will be left out of the decision-making process and may cause good managers to leave in frustration.

This ppt give you a further insight of what should be the constitution of the Board to ensure good Corporate Governance.

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